Korhadó fatörzsek szerepe az erdők természetes felújulásában
Absztrakt
Napjainkban az erdők korhadó faanyaga, mint számos élőlénycsoport élettere, egyre nagyobb érdeklődésre tart számot. Az alábbi szemle a korhadó holt fákon (anyatörzsek, nurse logs) megtelepedő újulatra szeretné felhívni a figyelmet. A holt fán történő felújulásnak elsősorban mikroklimatikus okai vannak, ott bír nagy jelentőséggel ahol szélsőségesek a termőhelyi körülmények, boreális és magashegységi fenyvesekben, mocsarakban, lápokban. Az újulat megtelepedésére a nagyméretű, erősen korhadt fák a legalkalmasabbak, és főként a kis magmérettel rendelkező fafajok telepszenek meg nagy sikerrel a korhadó holt fákon. Aszemle a korhadó holtfán történő felújulás abiotikus paramétereivel, az anyatörzs és az újulat fafaja által meghatározott tulajdonságokkal, valamint egyéb biotikus paramétereivel kíván foglalkozni. Legvégül a jelenség hazai előfordulására hoz néhány példát.
Hivatkozások
Arnborg, T. (1942): Lågaföryngring i en syd-lappländsk granurskog. – Sven. Skogsvårdsför. Tidskr. 40: 47–78. (Idézi Hofgaard, A. (1993): Structure and regeneration patterns in a virgin Picea abies fore in northern Sweden. – J. Veget. Sci. 4: 601–608.)
Baier, R., Meyer, J. & Göttlein, A. (2007): Regeneration niches of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) saplings in small canopy gaps in mixed mountain forests of the Bavarian Limestone Alps. – Eur. J. Forest Res. 126: 11–22.
Bartha, D. & Oroszi, S. (2004): Őserdők a Kárpát-medencében. – Ekvilibrium, Budakeszi, pp. 124–130.
Bartha, D. (2008): A Bockerek-erdő élőhelytípusai. – In: Bartha, D. & Vidéki, R. (szerk.): A Bockerek- erdő. NYÍRERDŐ Nyírségi Erdészeti Zrt., Nyíregyháza–Sopron, p. 209.
Bobiec, A., Gutowski, J. M., Laudenslayer, W. F., Pawlaczyk, P. & Zub, K. (2005): The afterlife of a tree. – WWF Poland, 248 pp.
Bull, E. (2002): The Value of Coarse Woody Debris to Vertebrates in the Pacific Northwest. – USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. 181: 171–178.
Csóka, Gy. (2000): Az elpusztult, korhadó fa szerepe az erdei biodiverzitás fenntartásában. – In: Frank, T. (szerk.): Természet, erdő, gazdálkodás. – Magyar Madártani és Természetvédelmi Egyesület, Pro Silva Hungaria Egyesület, Eger, pp. 85–98.
Chhetri, P. B. (2004): Structure and composition of mixed conifer forests in Western Bhutan. – Degree of Master of Science in Mountain Forestry at UNI BOKU Vienna, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, 67 pp.
Christy, E. J. & Mack, R. N. (1984): Variation in the demography of juvenile Tsuga heterophylla across the substratum mosaic. – J. Ecol. 72: 75–91.
Földváry, M. (1933): Őserdő-rezervációk az Északkeleti Kárpátokban. – Erdészeti Lapok 72: 416–432.
Göppert, H. (1868): Skizzen zur Kenntnis der Urwalder Schlesiens nund Böhmens. – Dresden, 57 pp. (Idézi Scherzinger, W. (1996): Naturschutz im Wald: Qualitätsziele einer dynamischen Waldentwicklung. – Ulmer, Stuttgart, 447 pp.)
Gratzer, G. & Rai, P. B. (2004): Density-dependent mortality versus spatial segregation in early life stages of Abies densa and Rhododendron hodgsonii in Central Bhutan. – For. Ecol. Manage. 192: 143–159.
Harmon, M. E., Franklin, J. F., Swanson, F. J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S. V., Lattin, J. D., Anderson, N. H., Cline, S. P., Aumen, N. G., Sedell, J. R., Lienkaemper, G. W., Cromack, K. & Cummins K. W. (1986): Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. – Adv. Ecol. Res. 15: 133–302.
Harmon, M. E. & Franklin, J. F. (1989): Tree seedlings on logs in Picea–Tsuga forests of Oregon and Washington. – Ecology 70: 48–59.
Harvey, A. E., Larsen, M. J. & Jurgensen, M. F. (1979): Comparative distribution of Ectomycorrhizae in soils of three Western Montana forest habitat types. – Forest Sci. 25: 350–358
Hendrickson, O. Q. (1991): Abundance and activity ofN2-fixing bacteria in decaying wood. – Can. J. For. Res. 21: 1299–1304.
Heuneke, L. F. & Sharitz, R. R. (1986): Microsite abundance and distribution of woody seedlings a South Carolina cypress-tupelo swamp. – American Midland National 115: 328–335.
Hofgaard, A. (1993): Structure and regeneration patterns in a virgin Picea abies forest in northern Sweden. – J. Veget. Sci. 4: 601–608.
Iijima, H., Shibuya, M. & Saito, H. (2007): Effects of surface and light conditions of fallen logs on the emergence and survival of coniferous seedlings and saplings. – J. For. Res. 12: 262–269.
Kovácsik, D. (1933): Az őserdőkről. – Erdészeti Lapok 72: 433–437.
Kropp, B. R. (1982): Formation of Mycorrhizae on nonmycorrhizal Western Hemlock outplanted on rotten wood and mineral soil. – Forest Sci. 28: 706–710.
Kruys, N. & Jonsson, B. G. (1999): Fine woody debris is important for species richness on logs in managed boreal spruce forests in northern Sweden. – Can. J. For. Res. 29: 1295–1299.
Kupferschmid, A. & Bugmann, H. (2005): Effect of microsites, logs and ungulate browsing on Picea abies regeneration in a mountain forest. – For. Ecol. Manage.205: 251–265.
Lee, Ph. & Sturgess, K. (2002): Assemblages of vascular plants on logs and stups within 28-year-old aspen-dominated boreal forests. – USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. 181: 369–380.
Lonsdale, D., Pautasso, M.&Holdenrieder, O. (2008): Wood-decaying fungi in the forest: conservation needs and management options. – Eur. J. Forest Res. 127: 1–22.
Lusk, C. H. (1995): Seed size, establishment sites and species coexistence in Chilean rain forest. – J. Veget. Sci. 6: 249–256.
Lusk, C. H. & Kelly, C. K. (2003): Interspecific variation in seed size and safe sites in a temperate rain forest. – New Phytol. 158: 535–541.
Lusk, C. H. & Ogden, J. (1992): Age structure and dynamics of podocarp-broadleaf forest in Tongariro National Park, New Zealand. – J. Ecol. 80: 379–393.
Maser, C. & Trappe, J. M. (eds) (1984): The seen and unseen world of the fallen tree. – Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR–164. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 56 pp.
McKee, A., Laroi, G. & Franklin, J. F. (1982): Structure, composition and reproductive behaviour of terrace forests, South Fork Hoh River, Olympic National Park. – In: Starkey, E. E., Franklin, J. F.&Matthews, J. W. (eds): Ecological research in the national parks of the Pacific Northwest. – Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. pp. 22–29.
Muzsnay, G. (1933): Néhány szó az őserdőkről. – Erdészeti Lapok 72: 1192–1199.
Nakamura, T. (1992): Effect of bryophytes on survival of conifer seedlings in subalpine forests of central Japan. – Ecol. Res. 7: 155–162.
Nakashizuka, T. (1989): Role of uprooting in composition and dynamics of an old-growth forest in Japan. – Ecology 70: 1273–1278.
Narukawawa, Y., Iida, S., Tanouchi, H., Abe, S. & Yamamoto (2003): State of fallen logs and the occurrance of conifer seedlings and saplings in boreal and subalpine oldgrowth forest in Japan. – Ecol. Res. 18: 267–277.
Narukawa, Y. & Yamamoto, S. (2005): Development of conifer seedlings roots on soil and fallen logs in boreal and subalpine coniferous forests of Japan. – For. Ecol. Manage. 175: 131–139.
Ódor, P. & van Hees, F. M. (2004): Preferences of dead wood inhabiting bryophytes for decay stage, log size and habitat types in Hungarian beech forests. – J. Bryology 26: 79–95.
Ódor, P., van Hees, A. F. M., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., Aude, E., van Dort, K. W., Piltaver, A., Siller, I., Veerkamp, M. T., Grebenc, T., Kutnar, L., Standovár, T., Kosec, J., Matočec, N. & Kraigher, H. (2004): Ecological succession of bryophytes, vascular plants and fungi on beech coarse woody debris in Europe. – Nat-Man Working Report 51: 1–140.
O’Hanlon-Manners, D. L.&Kotanen, P. M. (2004): Logs as refuges from fungal pathogens for seeds of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). – Ecology 85: 284–289.
Paczoski, J. (1930): Die Waldtypen von Białowieźa. – Państwowa Rada Ochrony Przyrody, Kraków, 575 pp. (Hivatkozta Földváry M. (1933): Őserdő-rezervációk az Északkeleti Kárpátokban. – Erdészeti Lapok 72: 416–432.)
Peterson, C. J. & Pickett, S. T. A. (1995): Forest reorganization: a case study in an old-growth forest catastrophic blowdown. – Ecology 76: 763–774.
Pyle, C. & Brown, M. M. (2002): The effects of microsite (logs versus ground surface) on the presence of forest floor biota in a second-growth hardwood forest. – USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. 181: 393–403.
Santiago, S. L. (2000): Use of coarse woody debris by the plant community of a Hawaiian montane cloud forest. – Biotropica 32: 633–641.
Scherzinger, W. (1996): Naturschutz im Wald: Qualitätsziele einer dynamischen Waldentwicklung. – Ulmer, Stuttgart, 447 pp.
Söderström L. (1988): Sequences of bryophytes and lichens in relation to substrate variables of decaying coniferous wood in Northern Sweden. – Nord. J. Bot. 8: 89–97.
Standovár, T. & Kenderes, K. (2003): A review on natural stand dynamics in beechwoods of East Central Europe. – Applied Ecol. & Environ. Res. 1(1–2): 19–46
Stevens, V. (1997): The ecological role of coarse woody debris: An overview of the ecological importance of CWD in BC Forests. – British Columbia Ministry of Forests Research Program, 26 pp.
Szewczyk, J. & Szwagrzyk, J. (1996): Tree regeneration on rotten wood and soil old-growth stand. – Plant Ecol. 122: 37–36.
Taylor, R. J. & Shaw, D. C. (1983): Allelopathic effects of Engelmann spruce bark stilbenes and tannin- stilbene combinations on seed germination and seedling growth of selected conifers. – Can. J. Bot. 61: 279–289
Takahashi, K. (1994): Effect of size structure, forest floor type and disturbance regime on tree species composition in a coniferous forest in Japan. – J. Ecol. 82: 769–773.
Takahashi, M., Sakai, Y., Ootomo, R. & Shinozaki, M. (2000): Establishment of tree seedlings and water-soluble nutrients in coarse woody debris in an old-growth Picea–Abies forest in Hokkaido, northern Japan. – Can. J. For. Res. 30: 1148–1155.
Tseng, M. H., Lai, W. R., Hsieh, C. L. & Kuo, Y. H. (2007): Allelopathy on bark of downed logs of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. and Zucc. var. formosana (Hayata) Rehder. – J. Chemical Ecol. 33: 1283–1296.
Zhong, J. & van der Kamp, B. J. (1999): Pathology of conifer seed and timing of germination in high-elevation subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce forests of the southern interior of British Columbia. – Can. J. For. Res. 29: 187–193.
Zielonka, T. & Piatek, G. (2004): The herb and dwarf shrubs colonization of decaying logs in subalpine forest in the Polish Tatra Mountains. – Plant Ecol. 172: 63–72.
Ward, H. A. & McCormick, L. H. (1982): Eastern hemlock allelopathy. – Forest Sci. 28: 681–686.
