A talaj arbuszkuláris mikorrhiza gomba közösségének szerepe a növényi invázióban
Absztrakt
A szárazföldi növények mintegy 90 %-a mikorrhiza kapcsolatban él valamilyen gombával. Leggyakoribb az arbuszkuláris mikorrhiza (AM), ami mindkét résztvevőre kevéssé fajspecifi kus és a gombapartnerek között sok a kozmopolita. Ezért sokáig úgy tartották, hogy az AM nem játszik számottevő szerepet a növényi invázióban. Az utóbbi két évtized kutatásai megmutatták, hogy az AM elősegítheti vagy épp ellenkezőleg, gátolhatja a növényi inváziót. Az inváziós növények általában kevésbé mikorrhizára utaltak, mint az őshonos fajok, mivel vagy nem mikorrhizáltak, vagy ha azok, akkor széles elterjedésű, generalista AM gombafajokkal alakítanak ki kapcsolatot. Képesek a helyi AM közösséghez úgy kapcsolódni, hogy eredményeképp kompetíciós erélyük növekszik (pl. asszimilátumokat vonnak el más növényektől a közös gombafonal hálózaton keresztül). Többféle mechanizmus (pl. allelopátia, tápelem felhalmozás, eltérő növényi vagy AM gomba fenológia, gyors növekedés, magas egyedszám) útján átalakíthatják a talaj mikorrhiza közösségét úgy, hogy az jobban támogatja az inváziós fajt, mint a honos növényeket. Sok esetben az élőhely eredeti AM közössége fontos eleme a honos növényközösség invázióval szembeni ellenállásának. Ezért az inváziós fajok elleni védekezés, illetve az általuk elözönlött területek helyreállítása megkövetelheti a beavatkozást a talaj AM közösségébe is (pl. spóraoltással, talajterítéssel). Ehhez az özöngyom AM kapcsolatának és a talaj mikrobiális közösségének alapos ismerete szükséges.
Hivatkozások
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