Variable Celebrant Prayers in the Medieval Coptic Eucharist: A Bohairic Manuscripts-Based Inventory and Introduction
Kulcsszavak:
Anaphora, Coptic, Eucharist, Copto-Arabic Manuscripts, Medieval Studies, Euchologion, Liturgical History
Absztrakt
The medieval Bohairic Eucharist emerges as a constellation of overlapping local practices shaped by scribal discretion and evolving liturgical memory. That plurality comes into focus through the manuscript tradition itself. Surveying approximately 375 euchologia codices from the 13th to 20th centuries, this article identifies twenty-four alternate celebrant prayers across nine liturgical units from the raising of incense to communion, fourteen of which are entirely absent from the received printed edition of 1902. Beyond offering the first systematic inventory of variable celebrant prayers, the study shows that many prayers preserved in manuscripts never entered the received euchologion, while others privileged in print remained historically marginal. Together, these findings attest to enduring regional diversity despite repeated efforts toward standardization. The analysis further uncovers relationships between three previously unexamined manuscripts that preserve distinctive repertoires of alternate prayers, suggesting regional and exemplar-based liturgical families. By recovering this diverse liturgical landscape, the study positions variable prayers as a central feature of the Bohairic eucharistic tradition and a lens for understanding its historical development among the Copts and in relation to other Eastern liturgies.
Hivatkozások
Manuscripts Consulted
Shelf mark (Year in CE), cited manuscripts in bold
AML= Asyūṭ, Monastery of the Virgin Mary, al-Muḥarraq Liturgy: 14B35 (1634), 14B9 (1773-1774), 14B38 (1784).
Al-Barārī, Church of St. Demiana Liturgy 113 (1729).
CF (C/M)= Cairo, Franciscan Center: 248 (1878), 336 (1882). Undated: 250. Museum: 2 (13th/14th c.).
CKM= Collegeville, Kacmarcik Ms. 6 (14th c.).
CM (L/T)= Cairo, Coptic Museum Liturgy: 463 (13th c.), 330 (15th c.), 240 (1783), 80 (1796), 265 (18th c.), 412 (1867), 462 (19th c.). Theology: 547 (1852).
CPL= Cairo, Coptic Patriarchate Liturgy: 169 (1499), 173 (1573), 167 (1675), 331 (1675), 166 (1739), 181 (1771), 178 (1794), 182 (1794), 176 (1826), 407 (1840), 315 (1842), 342 (1843), 408 (1873), 177 (1898), 183 (1899), 174 (1250-1261), 168 (1796-1809). Undated: 165, 185, 343, 314, 179, 180.
Ḥārat al-Rūm, Church of St. Mary: 61 (1771 CE), 59 (1809-1852).
Ḥārat al-Saqqāyīn, Church of the Archangel Gabriel Liturgy: 3/25
(1696), 67 (1866), 3/27 (undated).
LBO= London, British Library Oriental: 3850 (10th/11th c.), 1239 (13th c.), 431 (1718), 8778 (1726), 430 (1832), 5282 (1872). Undated: 429, 1324, 8777.
MRC= Manchester, John Rylands Library Coptic: 21 (11th c.), 426 (1243-1261), 427 (1764).
OBH= Oxford, Bodleian Huntington: 360 (13th c.), 403 (1405), 572 (14th/15th c.).
Old Cairo, Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus Liturgy: 99 (1874). Undated: 67, 98.
Oxford, Bodleian Marsh 5 (14th c.).
PN (A/C/G)= Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Arabe: 203 (1363-1369), 5969 (16th c.), 98 (17th c.). Copte: 82 (1307), 28 (13th/14th c.), 24 (15th c.), 31 (15th c.), 39 (15th c.), 73 (1528), 84 (1538), 40 (1550), 25 (15th/16th c.), 83 (1602), 27 (1633), 29 (1638), 30 (1642). Undated: 26, 41. Grec: 325 (14th c.).
RAL= Red Sea, Monastery of St. Antony Liturgy: 66 (1344), 62 (1535), 98 (1657), 99 (1661), 102 (1693), 107 (1717), 100 (1728), 57 (1733), 68 (1745), 298 (1746), 75 (1755), 692 (1755), 89 (1756), 83 (1774), 69 (1784), 58 (before 1796), 87 (before 1796), 105 (1798), 74 (1807), 51 (1811), 101 (1812), 72 (1835), 737 (1837), 97 (1838), 55 (1839), 112 (1841), 70 (1842), 76 (1843), 106 (1846), 96 (1847), 742 (1848), 974 (1849), 71 (1816-1843), 54 (1851), 59 (1851), 63 (1851), 77 (1850), 95 (1851), 749 (1851), 73 (1852), 109 (before 1852), 800 (before 1852), 92 (1862), 56 (1872), 91 (1872), 65 (1875), 52 (1876), 84 (1880), 82 (1884), 61 (1885), 88 (1887), 781 (1887), 115 (1893), 79 (1895), 920 (1895), 921 (1895), 681 (1897), 763 (1898), 64 (1900), 85 (1902), 799 (1916), 658 (1921), 919 (1929), 922 (1931), 968 (1965), 93 (1718-1726), 108 (1769-1796), 111 (1809-1927), 772 (1816-1861, 1874-1927). Undated: 81, 53, 67, 78, 80, 86, 90, 103, 104, 110, 113, 114, 654, 764, 771, 826, 923.
RPL= Red Sea, Monastery of St. Paul Liturgy: 141 (1324), 133 (1582), 205 (1711), 134 (1714), 204 (1718), 135 (1751), 148 (1752), 211 (1754), 155 (1766), 166 (1771), 139 (1784), 137 (1789), 136 (1793), 143 (1797), 138 (1811), 165 (1815), 202 (1818), 160 (1820), 644 (1821), 203 (before 1823), 156 (1827), 528 (1827), 153 (1830), 161 (1836), 195 (1839), 144 (1839), 140 (before 1844), 154 (1846), 167 (1846), 142 (1847), 163 (1847), 672 (1853), 209 (1853), 662 (1857), 145 (1859), 665 (1861), 151 (1862), 652 (1863), 152 (1865), 162 (1865), 190 (1869), 437 (1878), 649 (1882), 464 (1883), 673 (1883), 643 (1886), 149 (1893), 436 (1901), 646 (1905), 146 (1910), 664 (1915), 654 (1916), 660 (1918), 651 (1919), 452 (1930), 650 (1931), 657 (1936). Undated: 158, 197, 199, 200, 582, 630, 638, 653, 655, 658, 659, 663, 667, 671, 675, 147, 150, 157, 159, 164, 191, 192, 193, 194, 206.
Ṭūkh Dalkh, Church of St. George Liturgy: 140 (1751), 238 (1771).
VB (A/C)= Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Borgia Arabes: 22 (1348). Coptici: 7 (1379), 124 (1459), 87 (1734). Undated: 32.
V (A/C/G)= Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Vatican Arabes 117 (1323). Coptici: 17 (1288), 20 (1315), 21 (1343), 24 (14th c.), 25 (14th c.), 18 (1531), 22 (1580), 26 (1616), 19 (1715), 78 (1722), 81 (1722), 86 (1727), 99 (1718-1726), 85 (18th c.). Graecus: 2281 (1207).
WBaL= Wādī al-Naṭrūn, Monastery of the Virgin Mary, al-Baramūs Liturgy: 229 (1610), 319 (1792-1793), 251 (1812), 242 (1844), 232
(1848), 257 (1857), 239 (1858), 250 (1858), 226 (1860), 258 (1863), 243 (1864), 272 (1872), 228 (1899). Undated: 240.
WBiL= Wādī al-Naṭrūn, Monastery of St. Bishoi Liturgy: 18 (1594), 16 (1779), 14 (1838), 113 (1848), 1 (1876), 112 (1884). Undated: 19, 4, 159, 17, 15.
WML= Wādī al-Naṭrūn, Monastery of St. Macarius Liturgy: 151 (1771), 234 (1784), 231 (1794), 134 (18th c.), 147 (18th c.), 248 (18th c.), 144 (1846), 137 (1851), 156 (1852), 135 (1809-1852), 142 (1858), 145 (1864), 152 (1868), 148 (1883), 139 (1886), 236 (1887), 141 (1891), 232 (1899), 133 (19th c.), 138 (19th c.), 140 (19th c.), 146 (19th c.), 149 (19th c.), 150 (19th c.), 154 (19th c.), 155 (19th c.), 233 (19th c.), 235 (19th c.), 271 (19th c.), 136 (19th c.), 143 (18th/19th c.), 153 (1908).
WPL= Wādī al-Naṭrūn, Coptic Central Papal Library Liturgy: 509C (1774), 514C (1788), 513C (1745), 508C (1750), 517C (17th/18th c.).
WSL= Wādī al-Naṭrūn, Monastery of the Virgin Mary, al-Suryān Liturgy: 466 (1573), 471 (1584), 468 (1601), 469 (before 1626), 887 (1635), 472 (1659), 473 (1659), 470 (before 1664), 474 (1666), 465 (1745), 481 (1751-1752), 485 (1784), 482 (1786), 680 (1790), 477 (before 1792), 494 (1800-1801), 493 (1800), 484 (1841), 479 (1809-1852), 480 (1809-1852), 486 (before 1865), 487 (1868), 488 (1871), 467 (1872), 489 (1881), 712 (1886), 503 (1893), 504 (1894), 500 (1886), 496 (before 1895). Undated: 462, 475, 476, 478, 483, 490, 491, 492, 495, 497, 498, 499, 501, 502, 507, 508.
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Shelf mark (Year in CE), cited manuscripts in bold
AML= Asyūṭ, Monastery of the Virgin Mary, al-Muḥarraq Liturgy: 14B35 (1634), 14B9 (1773-1774), 14B38 (1784).
Al-Barārī, Church of St. Demiana Liturgy 113 (1729).
CF (C/M)= Cairo, Franciscan Center: 248 (1878), 336 (1882). Undated: 250. Museum: 2 (13th/14th c.).
CKM= Collegeville, Kacmarcik Ms. 6 (14th c.).
CM (L/T)= Cairo, Coptic Museum Liturgy: 463 (13th c.), 330 (15th c.), 240 (1783), 80 (1796), 265 (18th c.), 412 (1867), 462 (19th c.). Theology: 547 (1852).
CPL= Cairo, Coptic Patriarchate Liturgy: 169 (1499), 173 (1573), 167 (1675), 331 (1675), 166 (1739), 181 (1771), 178 (1794), 182 (1794), 176 (1826), 407 (1840), 315 (1842), 342 (1843), 408 (1873), 177 (1898), 183 (1899), 174 (1250-1261), 168 (1796-1809). Undated: 165, 185, 343, 314, 179, 180.
Ḥārat al-Rūm, Church of St. Mary: 61 (1771 CE), 59 (1809-1852).
Ḥārat al-Saqqāyīn, Church of the Archangel Gabriel Liturgy: 3/25
(1696), 67 (1866), 3/27 (undated).
LBO= London, British Library Oriental: 3850 (10th/11th c.), 1239 (13th c.), 431 (1718), 8778 (1726), 430 (1832), 5282 (1872). Undated: 429, 1324, 8777.
MRC= Manchester, John Rylands Library Coptic: 21 (11th c.), 426 (1243-1261), 427 (1764).
OBH= Oxford, Bodleian Huntington: 360 (13th c.), 403 (1405), 572 (14th/15th c.).
Old Cairo, Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus Liturgy: 99 (1874). Undated: 67, 98.
Oxford, Bodleian Marsh 5 (14th c.).
PN (A/C/G)= Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Arabe: 203 (1363-1369), 5969 (16th c.), 98 (17th c.). Copte: 82 (1307), 28 (13th/14th c.), 24 (15th c.), 31 (15th c.), 39 (15th c.), 73 (1528), 84 (1538), 40 (1550), 25 (15th/16th c.), 83 (1602), 27 (1633), 29 (1638), 30 (1642). Undated: 26, 41. Grec: 325 (14th c.).
RAL= Red Sea, Monastery of St. Antony Liturgy: 66 (1344), 62 (1535), 98 (1657), 99 (1661), 102 (1693), 107 (1717), 100 (1728), 57 (1733), 68 (1745), 298 (1746), 75 (1755), 692 (1755), 89 (1756), 83 (1774), 69 (1784), 58 (before 1796), 87 (before 1796), 105 (1798), 74 (1807), 51 (1811), 101 (1812), 72 (1835), 737 (1837), 97 (1838), 55 (1839), 112 (1841), 70 (1842), 76 (1843), 106 (1846), 96 (1847), 742 (1848), 974 (1849), 71 (1816-1843), 54 (1851), 59 (1851), 63 (1851), 77 (1850), 95 (1851), 749 (1851), 73 (1852), 109 (before 1852), 800 (before 1852), 92 (1862), 56 (1872), 91 (1872), 65 (1875), 52 (1876), 84 (1880), 82 (1884), 61 (1885), 88 (1887), 781 (1887), 115 (1893), 79 (1895), 920 (1895), 921 (1895), 681 (1897), 763 (1898), 64 (1900), 85 (1902), 799 (1916), 658 (1921), 919 (1929), 922 (1931), 968 (1965), 93 (1718-1726), 108 (1769-1796), 111 (1809-1927), 772 (1816-1861, 1874-1927). Undated: 81, 53, 67, 78, 80, 86, 90, 103, 104, 110, 113, 114, 654, 764, 771, 826, 923.
RPL= Red Sea, Monastery of St. Paul Liturgy: 141 (1324), 133 (1582), 205 (1711), 134 (1714), 204 (1718), 135 (1751), 148 (1752), 211 (1754), 155 (1766), 166 (1771), 139 (1784), 137 (1789), 136 (1793), 143 (1797), 138 (1811), 165 (1815), 202 (1818), 160 (1820), 644 (1821), 203 (before 1823), 156 (1827), 528 (1827), 153 (1830), 161 (1836), 195 (1839), 144 (1839), 140 (before 1844), 154 (1846), 167 (1846), 142 (1847), 163 (1847), 672 (1853), 209 (1853), 662 (1857), 145 (1859), 665 (1861), 151 (1862), 652 (1863), 152 (1865), 162 (1865), 190 (1869), 437 (1878), 649 (1882), 464 (1883), 673 (1883), 643 (1886), 149 (1893), 436 (1901), 646 (1905), 146 (1910), 664 (1915), 654 (1916), 660 (1918), 651 (1919), 452 (1930), 650 (1931), 657 (1936). Undated: 158, 197, 199, 200, 582, 630, 638, 653, 655, 658, 659, 663, 667, 671, 675, 147, 150, 157, 159, 164, 191, 192, 193, 194, 206.
Ṭūkh Dalkh, Church of St. George Liturgy: 140 (1751), 238 (1771).
VB (A/C)= Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Borgia Arabes: 22 (1348). Coptici: 7 (1379), 124 (1459), 87 (1734). Undated: 32.
V (A/C/G)= Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Vatican Arabes 117 (1323). Coptici: 17 (1288), 20 (1315), 21 (1343), 24 (14th c.), 25 (14th c.), 18 (1531), 22 (1580), 26 (1616), 19 (1715), 78 (1722), 81 (1722), 86 (1727), 99 (1718-1726), 85 (18th c.). Graecus: 2281 (1207).
WBaL= Wādī al-Naṭrūn, Monastery of the Virgin Mary, al-Baramūs Liturgy: 229 (1610), 319 (1792-1793), 251 (1812), 242 (1844), 232
(1848), 257 (1857), 239 (1858), 250 (1858), 226 (1860), 258 (1863), 243 (1864), 272 (1872), 228 (1899). Undated: 240.
WBiL= Wādī al-Naṭrūn, Monastery of St. Bishoi Liturgy: 18 (1594), 16 (1779), 14 (1838), 113 (1848), 1 (1876), 112 (1884). Undated: 19, 4, 159, 17, 15.
WML= Wādī al-Naṭrūn, Monastery of St. Macarius Liturgy: 151 (1771), 234 (1784), 231 (1794), 134 (18th c.), 147 (18th c.), 248 (18th c.), 144 (1846), 137 (1851), 156 (1852), 135 (1809-1852), 142 (1858), 145 (1864), 152 (1868), 148 (1883), 139 (1886), 236 (1887), 141 (1891), 232 (1899), 133 (19th c.), 138 (19th c.), 140 (19th c.), 146 (19th c.), 149 (19th c.), 150 (19th c.), 154 (19th c.), 155 (19th c.), 233 (19th c.), 235 (19th c.), 271 (19th c.), 136 (19th c.), 143 (18th/19th c.), 153 (1908).
WPL= Wādī al-Naṭrūn, Coptic Central Papal Library Liturgy: 509C (1774), 514C (1788), 513C (1745), 508C (1750), 517C (17th/18th c.).
WSL= Wādī al-Naṭrūn, Monastery of the Virgin Mary, al-Suryān Liturgy: 466 (1573), 471 (1584), 468 (1601), 469 (before 1626), 887 (1635), 472 (1659), 473 (1659), 470 (before 1664), 474 (1666), 465 (1745), 481 (1751-1752), 485 (1784), 482 (1786), 680 (1790), 477 (before 1792), 494 (1800-1801), 493 (1800), 484 (1841), 479 (1809-1852), 480 (1809-1852), 486 (before 1865), 487 (1868), 488 (1871), 467 (1872), 489 (1881), 712 (1886), 503 (1893), 504 (1894), 500 (1886), 496 (before 1895). Undated: 462, 475, 476, 478, 483, 490, 491, 492, 495, 497, 498, 499, 501, 502, 507, 508.
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