Per- és polifluoralkil anyagok jelenléte háztartási szennyvizekben és jelentőségük az emberi egészség szempontjából
Absztrakt
A per- és polifluoralkil-anyagok (PFA) szintetikus, fluortartalmú vegyületek, amelyek a bennük lévő szén-fluor kötések kivételes stabilitása miatt rendkívül ellenállóak a kémiai reakciókkal és a biodegradációval szemben. Ezen tulajdonságok következtében a PFA vegyületek perzisztens mikroszennyezőként hosszú ideig megmaradnak a környezetben, és világszerte kimutathatók természetes vizekből, ivóvízből, élelmiszerekből és biológiai mintákból is. Előnyös technológiai jellemzőik, alacsony reakciókészségük, valamint hőálló tulajdonságaik miatt széles körben alkalmazzák őket különféle ipari és mindennapi fogyasztási cikkekben. A hagyományos szennyvíztisztító rendszerek azonban nem képesek hatékonyan eltávolítani a PFA-vegyületeket, így azok az emberi tevékenység révén, többek között szennyvizek útján folyamatosan bekerülnek a környezeti körforgásokba, az élővizekbe, sőt, ivóvízforrásokba is. A PFA vegyületek tartós környezeti jelenléte és bioakkumulációs hajlama révén veszélyeztetik az ökoszisztémák működését, továbbá komoly egészségkockázatot is jelentenek, mivel összefüggésbe hozhatók többek között daganatos megbetegedésekkel, fejlődési és szaporodási zavarokkal, és számos további betegséggel. Noha az utóbbi években egyre több kutatás irányult a PFA-k kommunális szennyvizekben való előfordulására, a tisztán háztartásból származó szennyvizek, és a decentralizált, egyedi szennyvíztisztító kisberendezések, továbbra is alulreprezentáltak a vizsgálatokban. E rendszerek PFA-eltávolítási hatékonyságáról, valamint a belőlük származó kibocsátások mennyiségi és minőségi jellemzőiről kevés adat áll rendelkezésre. Mivel ezek az alternatív megoldások világszerte egyre elterjedtebbé válnak, kiemelt kutatási és szabályozási figyelmet igényelnek, főleg a mikroszennyezőket tekintve. Az ilyen rendszerek környezeti hatásának pontosabb megismerése elengedhetetlen a PFA-szennyezés hatékony csökkentéséhez, valamint a közegészségügyi és ökológiai kockázatok mérsékléséhez.
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