Legal Status of Irregular Migrants in Chosen Central European States With Special Consideration for Migration Crises
Abstract
This study discusses specific international and European Union laws that regulate the status of irregular migrants in the context of selected examples of migration crises, namely, the European refugee-migrant crisis of 2015 and the artificial refugee crisis at the European Union-Belarus border, the latter being an example of coercive engineered migration. The problem of externalisation of the Union’s migration governance to third countries is also considered from the point of view of effective protection of the human rights of migrants who cannot reach the territory of the states where they can benefit from such protection. The study attempts a general evaluation of the relevant legal framework from the perspective of its adequacy in addressing challenges stemming from particular types of migration crises. The scope of the study is limited to selected Central European states, as a number of them are affected by coercive engineered migration and (or) the refugee-migrant crisis. Selected relevant legal issues (statutory law, judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Court of Human Rights) in chosen states (Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Serbia) are also considered.
References
Alfredsson, G., Eide, A. (eds.) (1999) The Universal Convention of Human Rights: a common standard of achievement. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004637542_042.
Bade, K. (2004) ‘Legal and illegal immigration into Europe: Experiences and challenges’, European Review, 12(3), pp. 339–375; https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798704000316.
Banaszak, B., Bisztyga, A., Complak, K., Jabłoński, M., Wieruszewski, R., Wójtowicz K. (2003) System ochrony praw człowieka. 1st edn. Cracow: Zakamycze.
Barcik, J., Srogosz, T. (2019) Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne. 4th edn. Warsaw: C.H. Beck.
Bogusz, B., Cholewinski, R., Cygan, A., Szyszczak, E. (eds.) (2004) Irregular Migration and Human Rights: Theoretical, European and International Perspectives. Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047406051.
Bury, J. B. (1923) History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan & Co.
Düvel, F. (2011) ‘Paths into Irregularity: The Legal and Political Construction of Irregular Migration’, European Journal of Migration and Law, 13(3), pp. 275–295; https://doi.org/10.1163/157181611x587856.
Eisele, K., Majcher, I., Provera, M. (2020) ‘The Return Directive 2008/115/EC European Implementation Assessment’ in Eisele, K. (ed.) European Parliamentary Research Service [Online]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/642840/EPRS_STU(2020)642840_EN.pdf (Accessed: 07 August 2023).
Encyklopedia PWN (no date) Migracje [Online]. Available at: https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/migracje;3941121.html (Accessed: 28 May 2023).
Encyclopedia Britannica (no date) The Later Roman Empire. Analysis of the decline and fall [Online]. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/Barbarian-kingdoms (Accessed: 22 May 2023).
European Council (2023) Migration policy: Council reaches agreement on key asylum and migration laws [Online]. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/06/08/migration-policy-council-reaches-agreement-on-key-asylum-and-migration-laws/ (Accessed: 19 July 2023).
Gilardoni, G., D’Odorico, M., Carrillo, D. (eds.) (2015) Evidence on migrants’ integration in Europe. Milan: Fondazione ISMU.
Grześkowiak, M. (2023) ‘Od aktywizmu do „polityki przyzwolenia”. Komisja Europejska wobec nieregularnej migracji w latach 2015-2021 ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kryzysu humanitarnego na granicy polsko-białoruskiej’, Państwo i Prawo, 2023/3, pp. 21–47.
Hammond, T. G. (2015) ‘The Mediterranean Migration Crisis’, Foreign Policy Journal, May 19, 2015, pp. 1–12.
Huttunen, J. (2022) Coercive engineered migration and the prevention of entry of asylum seekers - a choice between two evils for the receiving European States. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
Karageorgiou, E., Noll, G. (2022) ‘What Is Wrong with Solidarity in EU Asylum and Migration Law?’, Jus Cogens, 2022/4, pp. 131–154; https://doi.org/10.1007/s42439-022-00059-4.
Karolewski, I. P., Benedikter, R. (2018) ‘Europe’s refugee and migrant crisis: Political responses to asymmetrical pressures’, Politique Européenne, 60(2), pp. 98–132; https://doi.org/10.3917/poeu.060.0098.
Kosińska, A. M. (2021) ‘Legal Responses in the Area of Migration Security after 2015 Migration Crisis in Italy, Germany and Poland. Whose Security Does National Law Protect: Migrants or Citizens?’, Journal of Human Security, 17(1), pp. 66–79; https://doi.org/10.12924/johs2021.17010066.
Kretzmer, D., Klein, E. (eds.) (2002) The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse. The Hague: Kluwer Law International; https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004478190.
Krstić, I. (2016) ‘Status and Application of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Republic of Serbia’ in Panović-Đurić, S. (ed.) Comparative Study on the Implementation of the ECHR at the National Level. Belgrad: Council of Europe, pp. 93–98.
Łubiński, P. (2022) ‘Hybrid Warfare or Hybrid Threat – The Weaponization of Migration as an Example of the Use of Lawfare – Case Study of Poland’, Polish Political Science Yearbook, 2021/51, pp. 43–55; https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy202209.
Markiewicz-Stanny, J. (2015) ‘Wolność i bezpieczeństwo osobiste osób ubiegających się o ochronę międzynarodową refleksje na tle przekształcenia dyrektywy recepcyjnej’, Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego, 2015/13, pp. 58–76; https://doi.org/10.26106/29ph-gx57.
Morehouse, Ch., Blomfield, M. (2011) Irregular Migration in Europe. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
Nickel, J. W. (1987) Making Sense of Rights. Philosophical Reflections on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.
Nowak, A. (2015) Dzieje Polski. Tom II. Kraków: Biały Kruk.
Petitfils, J.C. (2018) Histoire de la France. Paris: Fayard.
Przytuła, S. (ed.) (2017) Migracje międzynarodowe i ekspatriacja, Perspektywa indywidualna, organizacyjna, społeczno-kulturowa. Warsaw: Difin.
Sadowski, P. (2016) ‘Prawne, polityczne i społeczne konsekwencje rozdźwięku między uzusem a definicjami zawartymi w tekstach prawnych dotyczących migracji’, IUS NOVUM, 2016/4, pp. 281–296.
Safjan, M., Bosek, L. (eds.) (2016) Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 9. Warsaw: Legalis.
Scholten, P. (ed.) (2022) Introduction to Migration Studies. And Interactive Guide to the Literatures on Migration and Diversity. Cham: Springer; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8.
Scholten, P., van Nispen, F. (2015) ‘Policy Analysis and the „Migration Crisis”: Introduction’, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 17(1), pp. 1–9; https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2015.1006408.
Simma, B., Alston, P. (1992) ‘The Sources of Human Rights Law: Custom, Jus Cogens, and General Principles’, Australian Year Book of International Law, 12(1), pp. 82–108; https://doi.org/10.1163/26660229-012-01-900000007.
Spencer S., Triandafyllidou A. (eds.) (2020) Migrants with Irregular Status in Europe. Evolving Conceptual and Policy Challenges. Cham: Springer; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34324-8_1.
Thevenin E. (2021) ‘Between human rights and security concerns: politicisation of European Union-Turkey and European Union-Libya agreements on migration in national parliaments’, European Security, 30(3), pp. 464–484; https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2021.1947804.
Wieruszewski, R. (ed.) (1991) Prawa człowieka. Model prawny, Wrocław: Ossolineum.
Copyright (c) 2024 Central European Academic Publishing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
