The Neoliberal Transformation of Turkish NGOs: A Legitimacy Crisis Perspective
Absztrakt
This research aims to examine the evolution of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Türkiye following the introduction of neoliberal policies, utilizing Habermas's legitimacy crisis theory. The findings demonstrate that neoliberal policies have created a crisis of legitimacy for NGOs, affecting both their institutional legitimacy and the legitimacy of the public sphere. By shedding light on the legitimacy crisis experienced by NGOs, this study provides an original perspective and contributes to understanding the transformation of NGOs in Türkiye. While qualitative text analysis formed the primary methodology, quantitative data was utilized to support qualitative findings with empirically validated results. By triangulating themes from various sources, consistent patterns in the spread of neoliberalism within the civil sphere were identified. However, it is important to note that further research and analysis are needed to fully comprehend the complexities of this topic and its implications for the field of social sciences.
Hivatkozások
Akbay, A. T. (2015): Proje finansmanı. (Master's thesis, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi)
Aktaş, Ü. N.–Giderler, M. E.–Akdeve, E. (2023): Sivil Toplum Sektöründe Yeni Örgütlenme Modeli: Sosyal Girişimcilik. Öneri Dergisi, 18., (60.), pp. 561–581.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1249069
Amin, A. (2013): Surviving the turbulent future. Environment and Planning D: Society and space, 31., (1.), pp. 140–156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/d2301
Anheier, H. K. (2009): What kind of nonprofit sector, what kind of society? Comparative policy reflec-tions. American Behavioral Scientist, 52., (7.), pp. 1082–1094. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764208327676
Aslan, E. (2016): Dünya Bankası ve İslam Kalkınma Bankasının yoksullukla mücadele politikaları: 2002 sonrası Türkiye örneği.
Ataay, F. (2006): Türkiyede Yönetişim Ve „Sivil Toplum„ Tartışmaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Memle-ket Siyaset Yönetim, 1., (1.), pp. 123–142.
Ateş, M. (2017): Sosyal inovasyon ve Türkiye: Potansiyeli, dinamikleri ve sosyal inovatif çalışmaları desteklemede devletin rolü.
Aygül, C. (1997): „Neo–Liberalizmin Başarısızlığı ve Yönetişim.„ Toplum ve Bilim, 73., pp. 231–256.
Ayhan, E.–Önder, M. (2021): İnsan kaynaklarının kurumsal performansa etkisi: Gençlik STK’ları üzerine ampirik bir araştırma. Sosyoekonomi, 29., (48.), pp. 443–472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.21
Bahovec, I. (2023): Civil Society, Political Parties, and the Development of Democracy in Slovenia. Civil Szemle, 20., pp. 25–42. https://www.civilszemle.hu/wp–content/uploads/2023/12/Csz–2023–kulon¬szam–5–netre.pdf
Bayraktar, F. (2017): Neo–liberalleşme, Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları ve’Projecilik’: Eleştirel Bir Bakış. Amme İdaresi Dergis, 50., (2.), pp. 105–142.
Baysal, T. (2017): Neo–Liberalizm Tartişmalari Çerçevesinde Kamu Yönetiminin Dönüşümü: Türkiye Pratiği. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi v e İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8., (15.), pp. 171–195.
Beermann, J. M. (2000): Privatization and political accountability. Fordham Urb. LJ, 28., 1507.
Becerikli, K.–Köroğlu, B. A. (2017): STK’ların Yerel Kapasite Geliştirmede ve Yerel Kalkınmada Rolü; Antakya Örneği The Role of NGO’s in Improving Local Capacity and Local Development; The Case of Antakya. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14744/planlama.2017.28290
Benhabib, S. (1992): Autonomy, modernity, and community: communitarianism and critical social theory in dialogue. Cultural–political interventions in the unfinished project of enlightenment, pp. 39–59.
Benhabib, S. (Ed.) (2021): Democracy and difference: Contesting the boundaries of the political. Princeton: University Press,
Bennett, M. (2023): The choice of efficiencies and the necessity of politics. Critical Review of Inter-national Social and Political Philosophy, 26., (6.), pp. 877–896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2020.1799160
Bettache, K.–Chiu, C. Y.–Beattie, P. (2020): The merciless mind in a dog–eat–dog society: neoliberalism and the indifference to social inequality. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34., pp. 217–222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.06.002
Bevir, M. (2023): Governance. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/governance
Biter, G.–Şener, N. K. (2021): Sosyal sorumluluk projelerine neoliberalizm ve sosyal devlet bağlamında eleştirel bir bakış. Intermedia International E–journal, 8., (14.), pp. 93–116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21645/interme¬dia.2021.103
Borsuk, I.–Dinç, P.–Kavak, S.–Sayan, P. (2021): Consolidating and contesting authoritarian neoliberalism in Türkiye: Towards a framework. In: Authoritarian Neoliberalism and Resistance in Türkiye: Con¬struction. Consolidation, and Contestation, pp. 11–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978–981–16–4213–5_2
Brown, B. (2002): „Yönetişim ya da N eo–liberalizmin Siyasi Düzeni.„ Birikim, sayı: 158, sayfa: 36–43.
Brown, W. (2003): Neo–liberalism and the end of liberal democracy. Theory & event, 7., (1.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tae.2003.0020.
Brenner, N.–Theodore, N. (2002): Cities and the geographies of „actually existing neoliberalism.„ Antipode, 34., (3.), pp. 349–379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–8330.00246
Buğra, A. (2016): Kapitalizm, Yoksulluk ve Türkiye'de sosyal politika. İletişim Yayınları.
Bulut, Y.–Akın, S.–Kahraman, Ö. F. (2017): Kamu politikalarının oluşturulmasında sivil toplum kuruluşlarının-etkisi. Strategic Public Management Journal, 3., (6.), pp. 23–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25069/spmj.341620
Carlhoun, C. (2001): Civil Society/Public Sphere: History of the Concept (s): International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 1897–903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0–08–043076–7/00115–7
Carroll, T.–Jarvis, D. S. (2015): The new politics of development: Citizens, civil society, and the evolution of neoliberal development policy. Globalizations, 12., (3.), pp. 281–304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2015.1016301
Clark, J. (2011): Civil society in the age of crisis. Journal of Civil Society, 7., (3.), 241–263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2011.604986
Clegg, S. (2019): Governmentality. Project Management Journal, 50., (3.), pp. 266–270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972819841260
Cornwall, A.–Gaventa, J. (2001): Bridging the gap: citizenship, participation, and accountability. PLA notes, 40., (2001.), pp. 32–35.
Çam, B. (2023): Yeni kamu yönetimi anlayışının sosyal belediyeciliğe etkileri: Balıkesir Büyükşehir Belediyesi örneği (Master's thesis, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
Çamur, Ö.–Aydın, A. (2022): Yeni kamu yönetimi anlayışının etik temelleri ve kamu yönetiminde etik yönetimin gelişmesi üzerindeki etkisi. Denetişim, (25.), pp. 148–159.
Chowhan, S.S. (2015): Corporate governance: major ıssue. International journal of scientific research, 4., pp. 537–540.
Çiftçi, N. (2015): Sosyal girişim olarak STKlar: İnovatif beceriler çerçevesinde Konya ilinde bir araştırma (Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
Demirkaya, Y.–Çelik, F. (2021): Uluslararası İlişkilerde Kamu Ve Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Stratejik İşbirliği: Tika Faaliyetleri Analizi. Oğuzhan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3., (2.), pp. 125–149.
Detomasi, D. A. (2007): „The Multinational Corporation and Global Governance: Modelling Global Public Policy Networks„, V. 71. Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 321–334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551–006–9141–2
DPT (2005): Kamuda İyi Yönetişim (yayımlanmamış taslak), IX. Kalkınma Planı ÖİKR, Ankar a.
Drążkiewicz–Grodzicka, E. (2016): ‘State Bureaucrats’ and ‘Those NGO People’: Promoting the idea of civil society, hindering the state. Critique of Anthropology, 36., (4.), pp. 341–362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X16654553
Eder, M. S. (2010): Retreating state? The political economy of the welfare regime change in Türkiye. Middle East Law and Governance, 2., (2.), pp. 52–184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187633710X500739
Erdoğmuş, N. (2020): Sivil toplum kuruluşlarında gönüllü ve profesyonel çalışma. İstanbul: İlke
Yayınları.
Fraser, N. (2014): Rethinking the public sphere: a contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy1. In: Between Borders, pp. 74–98. Routledge,
Fraser, N. (2014): Transnationalizing the public sphere. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Fraser, N. (2015): Legitimation crisis? On the political contradictions of financialized capitalism. Critical Historical Studies, 2., (2.), pp. 157–189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/683054
Frettsome, D. (2014): Building Neoliberal Hegemony: The Emergence of the Post Washington Consensus and the Introduction of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Approach by the World Bank.
Friedman, M. (2020): Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/291476
Frow, J. (1992): Rationalization and the public sphere. Meanjin, 51., (3.), pp. 505–516.
Fung, A. (2003): Survey article: Recipes for public spheres: Eight institutional design choices and their consequences. Journal of political philosophy, 11., (3.), pp. 338–367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–9760.00181
Gaventa, J. (2002): Exploring citizenship, participation, and accountability. IDS bulletin, 33., (2.), pp. 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1759–5436.2002.TB00020.X
Ghatak, M. (2021): Nonprofits to Social Enterprise. The Nature of the Nonprofit Sector, 18.
Ghersi, H.–Cárdenas, J. S. (2006): An introduction to project finance in emerging markets.
Gianni, N.–Michele, F.–Lozza, C. (2021): NGO–ization. Challenging Power: Gender and Social Justice in the Middle East, 46.
Gilmour, R. S.–Jensen, L. S. (1998): Reinventing government accountability: Public functions, privatization, and the meaning of "state action". Public Administration Review, pp. 247–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/976565
Girei, E. (2023): Managerialisation, accountability and everyday resistance in the NGO sector: Whose interests matter? Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 92., 102418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2022.102418
Goffman, E. (1959): The moral career of the mental patient. Psychiatry, 22., (2.), pp. 123–142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1959.11023166
Göz, M. M. (2022): Türkiye’de Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Karşılaştığı Engeller. Turkish Business Journal, 3., (5.), pp. 44–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51727/tbj.1103459
Graham, E. R. (2017): Follow the money: How trends in financing are changing governance at international organizations. Global Policy, 8., 1pp. 5–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1758–5899.12450
Gray, R.–Bebbington, J.–Collison, D. (2006): NGOs, civil society, and accountability: making the people accountable to capital. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 19., (3.), pp. 319–348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570610670325
Gümüş, Ö. (2010): Dünya Bankası kredileri: Türkiye örneği üzerine bir inceleme (Master's thesis,
Trakya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
Günal, V. A. (2010): Türkiyede merkezi yönetim–belediye ilişkileri: 1999–2006 arası siyasal, yönetsel, ekonomik ilişkiler.
Gündüz, A. Y.–Mehmet, K. (2014): Küresel Dünyada Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarinin Ekonomik Kalkınmadaki Rolleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 6., (10.), pp. 130–169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20990/aacd.20991
Gürel, D.–Özdemir, S. (2009): Türkiye’de Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Sosyal Politika Üzerindeki Etkisi: İstanbul Örneği.
Güven, A. B. (2008): Post–Washington Consensus in Action: Lessons From Türkiye. In: Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Political Science University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. http://www.cpsaacsp.ca/papers–2008/Guven.pdf.
Habermas, J. (1975): Legitimation crisis (Vol. 519): Beacon Press.
Habermas, J. (1991): The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Boston–Cambridge: MIT Press.
Hayek, F. A. (2009): The road to serfdom: text and documents–the definitive edition (Vol. 2): Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
Hanay, U.–Uzun, F.–Özder, S. I. (2020): Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarında Kurumsal Performans Göstergelerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. TIDE AcademIA Research, 2., (2.), pp. 287–322.
Hickel, J. (2016): Neoliberalism and the end of democracy. In: Handbook of neoliberalism, pp. 142–152. Routledge, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315730660.CH12
Holmén, H.–Jirström, M. (2009): Look Who's Talking! Second thoughts about NGOs as representing Civil Society. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 44., (4.), pp. 429–448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909609105093
Hopkin, J. (2020): Anti–system politics: The crisis of market liberalism in rich democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699765.001.0001
İnsel, A. (2005) Neo–liberalizm: Hegemonyanın Yeni Dili. İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
Ismail, F.–Kamat, S. (2018): NGOs, social movements and the neoliberal state: Incorporation, reinvention, critique. Critical Sociology, 44., (4–5.), pp. 569–577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920517749804
Jacobsen, R. (2022): Public sector projectification–A systematic review of the literature. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration, 26., (4.), pp. 91–112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58235/sjpa. v26i4.10588
Jones, L.–Hameiri, S. (2022): COVID–19 and the failure of the neoliberal regulatory state. Review of international political economy, 29., (4.), pp. 1027–1052. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2021.1892798
Jordan, L. (2005): Mechanisms for NGO accountability. GPPi Research Paper Series, 3., (1.), pp. 1–20.
Kaplan, F. (2023): Altyapı Proje Finansmanında Risk P aylaşımı. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58830/ozgur.pub46
Ketola, M. (2013): Europeanization and Civil Society: Turkish NGOs as Instruments of Change. (New Perspectives on South–East Europe): Palgrave Macmillan.
Koç, T. (2009): Yerel demokrasi, katılım ve yönetişim: Adana örneği.
Lacey, A.–Ilcan, S. (2006), „Voluntary Labor, Responsible Citizenship, and International NGOs.„ International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 47., (1.), pp. 34–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715206063256
Landwehr, C. (2012): Demokratische Legitimation durch rationale Kommunikation: Theorien deliberativer Demokratie, pp. 355–385. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978–3–531– 94161–5_12
Lang, S. (2012): NGOs, civil society, and the public sphere. Cambridge: University Press, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177146
Lewis, D.–Kanji, N.–Themudo, N. S. (2020): Non–governmental organizations and development.
London: Routledge.
Lopes, C. (2012): Economic growth and inequality: The new post–Washington consensus. RCCS
Annual Review. A selection from the Portuguese journal Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, (4.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/rccsar.426
Marangos, J. (2020): International development and the Washington Consensus: A pluralist perspective. London: Routledge, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429244650
McKee, A. (2005): The public sphere: An introduction. Cambridge: University Press, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819339
Midgley, J. (2023): Engaging the humanitarian marketplace: Values, valuations and the making of humanitarian geographies. Environment and Planning F, 0., (0.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/26349825231163142
Mirowski, P. (2014): Never let a serious crisis go to waste: How neoliberalism survived the financial meltdown. Verso Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1500–1571–2014–03–04–14
Mises, L. V. (1949): 1998. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics.
Mitchell, G. E.–Schmitz, H. P. (2014): Principled instrumentalism: a theory of transnational NGO behavior. Review of International Studies, 40., (3.), pp. 487–504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210513000387
Moosa, I. A. (2021): Washington Consensus, The: A Critical Evaluation Of The Principles And Implications For Economic Development. World Scientific, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/12260
Moreira, A. C. (2000): Economics versus Sociology: efficiency or democracy in labor relations? Dados Revista de Ciências Sociais , 43., (1.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0011–52582000000100002
Nadesan, M. H. (2011): Transparency and neoliberal logics of corporate economic and social responsibility. The handbook of communication and corporate social responsibility, pp. 252–275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118083246.ch13
OECD (2019): "Public governance", in OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Croatia 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/5e8919b2–en.
Özdemir, S.–Başel, H.–Şenocak, H. (2010): Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK)’nın Artan Önemi ve Üsküdar’da Faaliyet Gösteren Bazı STK’lar Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, (56.).
Özer, D. M.–Sokolowski, S. W.–Haddock, M. A.–Salamon, L. M. (2016): Türkiye’s Nonprofit Sector in Comparative Perspective. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Center for Civil Society Studies. Available online:
http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp–content/uploads/downloads/2017/01/Türkiye_Compara¬tive–Report_FINAL. pdf
Pamuk, Ş. (2018): Uneven Centuries. In: Uneven Centuries. Princeton: University Press, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv346nnz
Pan, D. (2014): The West as Rationality and Representation: Reading Habermas's Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere through Schmitt's Theory of the Partisan. Telos, 2014., (168.), pp. 64–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3817/0914168064
Papadopoulou, T. (2006): Deliberative Demokratie und Diskurs; eine Debatte zwischen Habermas und Rawls (Doctoral dissertation, Universität Tübingen).
Peck, J.–Tickell, A. (2002): La Neoliberalización del Espacio1. Antipode, 34., (3.), pp. 380–404.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–8330.00247
Regilme Jr. S. S. F. (2016): Habermasian thinking on civil society and the pub lic sphere in the age of globalization. Perspectives on Political Science, 47., (4.), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10457097.2016.1175805
Reianu, D. G. (2024): Civil society in the context of the EU accession: the case of Montenegro. Civil Szemle, 21., (1.), pp. 123–135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62560/csz.2024.01.08
Ryan, N. (2001): Reconstructing citizens as consumers: Implications for new modes of governance. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 60., (3.), pp. 104–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–8500.00229
Roberts, S. M.–Jones Iii, J. P.–Fröhling, O. (2005): NGOs and the globalization of managerialism: A research framework. World development, 33., (11.), pp. 845–1864. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.004
Saka, E. (2024): Sosyal Fayda için Yapay Zeka. REFLEKTİF Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5., (1.), pp. 85–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47613/reflektif.2024.146
Salamon, L. M.–Anheier, H. K. (1992): In search of the non–profit sector II: The problem of classification. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 3., (3.), pp. 267–309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01397460
Sönmez, E. K. (2019): The Role of Turkish Civil Society in Political Decision Making. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 74., (3.), pp. 961–981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.536428
Strani, K. (2014): The Impact of Socio–political Change on Public Sphere Theory Exploring the Relevance of Communicative Rationality. International Journal of Cross–Cultural Studies and Environmental Communication, 3., (01.), pp. 31–40. https://crossculturenvironment.files.wordPress,com/2013/09/ volume2_issue–2_2013–volume–1_issue1_2014.pdf
Şahin, O.–Akboğa, S. (2019): Türkiye’de devlet–sivil toplum kuruluşları ilişkisi ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarına katılım. International Journal of Political Science and Urban Studies, 7., (2.), pp. 405–427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14782/ipsus.623237
Şen, S. (2008): Yoksullukla mücadelede sivil toplum kuruluşlarının yeri ve önemi: İzmir'deki yoksullara yardım dernekleri üzerine bir çalışma (Master's thesis, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bil¬imler Enstitüsü).
Taşğın, N. Ş.–Özel, H. (2011): Türkiye’de sosyal hizmetlerin dönüşümü. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 22., (2.), pp. 175–190.
Tuğal, C. (2023): Politicized megaprojects and public sector interventions: Mass consent under neoliberal statism. Critical Sociology, 49., (3.), pp. 457–473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205221086
Ünlü, B. C. (2019): Avrupa birliğine üyelik sürecinde türkiyede demokratikleşme ve sivil toplum. MS thesis. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Van Dijck, J. (2021): Seeing the forest for the trees: Visualizing platformization and its governance. New Media & Society, 23., (9.), pp. 2801–2819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820940293
Van Tuijl, P. (1999): NGOs and human rights: Sources of justice and democracy. Journal of International Affairs, pp. 493–512.
Van Waeyenberge, E. (2009): Selectivity at work: Country policy and institutional assessments at the world bank. The European Journal of Development Research, 21., pp. 792–810.
Virani, A.–van der Wal, Z. (2023): Enhancing the Effectiveness of Public Sector Performance Regimes: A Proposed Causal Model for Aligning Governance Design with Performance Logics. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 6., (1.), pp. 54–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvac026
Wedel, J. R.–Shore, C.–Feldman, G.–Lathrop, S. (2005): Toward an anthropology of public policy. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 600., (1.), pp. 30–51.
Williamson, J. (2004): The Washington Consensus as policy prescription for development. Development challenges in the 1990s: leading policymakers speak from experience, pp. 31–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716205276734
Wiepking, P.–de Wit, A. (2023): Unrestricted funding and nonprofit capacities: Developing a conceptual model. Nonprofit Management and Leadership. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21592
Yavaşca, S. (2021): Sosyal Hizmetin Savunuculuk Rolü Bağlamında Sivil Toplum Örgütleri. Toplumsal Politika Dergisi, 2., (1.), pp. 1–10.
Yeşiltaş, Ö. (2006): Civil society and democratization in Türkiye: a critical evaluation of civil society–democracy relationship in the analytical context of Türkiye EU relations (Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University).
Yeşildal, A. (2020): Sivil Toplum Ve Yerel Yönetimlerde Katılımcı Yönetişim: Sivil Toplumcu Bir Yaklaşım. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2020., (2.), pp. 31–44.
Young, D. (2005): Mission–market tension in managing nonprofit organizations. Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series, (06–26.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.895120
Zihnioğlu, Ö. (2019): European Union funds and the assumed professionalization of Turkish civil society organizations. Turkish Studies, 20., (5.), pp. 657–679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1555754
