Characteris tics and Challenges of China's Absorptive S trategy in the Technology R ace

  • Krisztina Budavári Ludovika National University of Public Service Doctoral School of Military Sciences;
Keywords: absorptive strategy, indust, rial espionage, China, imitation, great power competition,

Abstract

In recent decades, China has made significant progress in closing up to the technological level of the U.S. by prioritizing technological innovations and applying the absorption stra tegy. However, it has failed to exceed or even match U.S. capabilities so far. Its current strategic goal is to take over the
leadership in technology from the U.S. In the current technological environment, China’s absorption strategy is unsuitable for suc h a takeover, moreover, system level characteristics also hinder the improvement of the innovation capacity. To achieve its strategic goal China must improve its generative capacity and emphasize original innovations.

References

Budavári Krisztina 2021. A magyar védelmi ipar helyzete és fejlődési lehetőségei. Budapest: Magyar Hadtudományi Társaság. (Letöltés ideje: 2022. 04. 11.)
https://doi.org/10.51491/vedelmi.ipar2021
Budavári Krisztina 2024. Kína védelmi ipari bázisának és védelmi innovációs ökoszisztémájának értékelése. Katonai Logisztika, 32 (1–2): 78–87.
Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS): How Developed Is China’s Arms Industry? https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-developed-chinas-arms-industry (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 01.)
Cheung, Tai Ming, Lucyshyn, William, Rigilano, John 2019. The Role of Technology Transfers in China’s Defense Technological and Industrial Development and the Implications for the United States. Acquisition Research Program Sponsored Report Series UCSD-AM-19-028. https://dair.nps.edu/bitstream/123456789/2756/1/UCSD-AM-19-028.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 11. 04.)
Cheung, Tai Ming: Strengths and Weaknesses of China’s Defense Industry and Acquisition System and Implications for the U.S. https://dair.nps.edu/bitstream/123456789/1541/1/SYM-AM-17-153.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 01.)
Congressional Research Service 2023. Defense Primer: U.S. Defense Industrial Base. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10548 (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 05. 01.)
Dew, Nicholas, Lewis, Ira 2022. System-on-System Competition in Defense Innovation. Expeditions with MCUP 2022.05.18. https://doi.org/10.36304/ExpwMCUP.2022.07 https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/EXP_DewLewis_PDF.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 10. 11.)
https://doi.org/10.36304/ExpwMCUP.2022.07
Gilli, Andrea, Gilli, Mauro 2019. Why China Has Not Caught Up Yet: Military-Technological Superiority and the Limits of Imitation, Reverse Engineering, and Cyber Espionage. International Security, 43 (3): 141–189. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00337 https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/43/3/141/12218/Why-China-Has-Not-Caught-Up-Yet-Military (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00337
Gregorian, Dareh: FBI director says new probes into China launched „every 12 hours”. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/fbi-director-says-new-probes-china-launched-every-12-hours-n1279724 (Letöltés ideje: 2022. 03. 14.)
Hamburger, Patricia, Miskimens, David, Truver, Scott 2011. It Is Not Just Hardware and Software, Anymore! Human Systems Integration in U.S. Submarines. Naval Engineers Journal, 123 (4): 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2009.00198.x (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2009.00198.x
Kahn, Lauren: What the Defense Department’s 2021 China Military Power Report Tells Us About Defense Innovation. https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/what-defense-departments-2021-china-military-power-report-tells-us-about-defense-innovation (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 08. 20.)
Lockheed Martin: F-22 Raptor. https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/history/f-22.html (Letöltés ideje: 2024. 05. 07.)
Martin, Peter: Can China Fight? The Russia-Ukraine War Offers Warnings. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2023-war-china-taiwan/?srnd=premium&sref=fSOf3OlP#xj4y7vzkg (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 11. 16.)
National Counterintelligence and Security Center (NCSC) 2021. Protecting Critical and Emerging U.S. Technologies from Foreign Threats. https://www.dni.gov/files/NCSC/documents/SafeguardingOurFuture/FINAL_NCSC_Emerging%20Technologies_Factsheet_10_22_2021.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2022. 03. 07.)
Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) 2021. Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2021. Annual Report to Congress. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Nov/03/2002885874/-1/-1/0/2021-CMPR-FINAL.PDF (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 08.)
Pelley, Scott, Chasan, Aliza, Weisz, Aaron, Flickinger, Ian: Global intelligence leaders warn against China's technology theft. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chinas-technology-theft-major-threat-fbi-head-warns-60-minutes/ (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 10. 29.)
Satoru, Mori 2018. Defense Innovation in the United States. The Center for Air and Space Power Strategic Studies. Symposium 2018. https://www.mod.go.jp/asdf/meguro/center/arpw06/4Symposium3.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 04. 08.)
Scobell, Andrew, Lai, David, Kamphausen, Roy 2011. Chinese Lessons From Other People’s Wars. Carlisle: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/pub1090.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 08. 06.)
Suarez, Fernando F., Lanzolla, Gianvito 2007. The Role of Environmental Dynamics in Building a First Mover Advantage Theory. Academy of Management Review, 32 (2): 377–392. (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24349587
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China 2019. China’s National Defense in the New Era. First Edition 2019. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/201907/24/content_WS5d3941ddc6d08408f502283d.html (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 01.)
U.S. Department of Defense (U.S. DoD) 2022. Securing Defense-Critical Supply Chains. An action plan developed in response to President Biden's Executive Order 14017. Washington: U.S. Department of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2022/Feb/24/2002944158/-1/-1/1/DOD-EO-14017-REPORT-SECURING-DEFENSE-CRITICAL-SUPPLY-CHAINS.PDF (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 02. 07.)
Ward, Dan, MacGregor, Matt 2022. Arming the Eagle, Outpacing the Dragon. Understanding and Out Competing China’s Defense Acquisition and Innovation System. MITRE Corporation. https://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/pr-21-01346-10-arming-the-eagle-outpacing-the-dragon.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
Weinbaum, Cortney, O'Connell, Caolionn, Popper, Steven W., Bond, M. Scott, Byrne, Hannah Jane, Curriden, Christian, Weider Fauerbach, Gregory, Lilly, Sale, Mondschein, Jared, Schmid, Jon 2022. Assessing Systemic Strengths and Vulnerabilities of China's Defense Industrial Base. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA930-1.html (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 08.)
Zhen, Liu: China military’s landmark J-20 stealth fighter started a decade of modernisation. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3119615/china-militarys-landmark-j-20-stealth-fighter-started-decade (Letöltés ideje: 2024. 05. 07.)
Published
2024-07-08
Section
National defence