The relationship between resilience, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial performance

The effect of state fragility on young entrepreneurs

  • Zsófia Vörös Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Közgazdaságtudományi Kar, Gazdaságtudományi Kiválósági Központ
  • Andrea S. Gubik Miskolci Egyetem, Gazdaságtudományi Kar, Gazdaságelméleti és Módszertani Intézet

Abstract

Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and resilience are key determinants of entrepreneurial success. In this study, using data from 37 countries, we examine how the difficulties associated with state fragility influence the relationship between resilience and entrepreneurial self-efficacy, as well as the mechanisms through which they affect entrepreneurial performance among young entrepreneurs. Our results show that the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and performance is stronger in non-fragile countries than in fragile ones, while the relationship between resilience and entrepreneurial performance is stronger in fragile countries than in non-­fragile ones. In non-fragile countries, resilience is associated with higher entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediates the effect of resilience on entrepreneurial success. However, in fragile countries, there is no mediating relationship between resilience and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. These findings suggest that in a fragile environment, entrepreneurs face obstacles that, when overcome resiliently, contribute less to the development of entrepreneurial skills than the responses given to entrepreneurial challenges within non-fragile state frameworks, such as those arising from strong market competition or rapid technological development.

References

ABDELWAHED, N. A. A.–SOOMRO, B. A.–SHAH, N.–SARAIH, U. N. [2023]: Effect of institutional support and entrepreneurial knowledge on women’s entrepreneurial self-efficacy and venture performance in a developing country. International Journal of Innovation Science, 15. évf. 5. sz. 776–798. o. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-12-2021-0218

ACS, Z. J.–ESTRIN, S.–MICKIEWICZ, T.–SZERB, L. [2018]: Entrepreneurship, institutional economics, and economic growth: an ecosystem perspective. Small Business Economics, 51. köt. 501–514. o. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0013-9

AGARWAL, V.–MATHIYAZHAGAN, K.–MALHOTRA, S.–PIMPUCHAT, B. [2023]: Building resilience for sustainability of MSMEs post COVID-19 outbreak: An Indian handicraft industry outlook. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 85. köt. 101443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2022.101443

ALLEN, J.–STEVENSON, R. M.–O’BOYLE, E.–SEIBERT, S. [2021]: What matters more for entrepreneurship success? A meta-analysis comparing general mental ability and emotional intelligence in entrepreneurial settings. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 15. évf. 3. sz. 352–376. o. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1377

AUDRETSCH, D. B.–BELITSKI, M.–CHERKAS, N. [2021]: Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: The role of institutions. PloS One, 16. évf. 3. sz. e0247609. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247609

AULT, J. K.–SPICER, A. [2016]: Measuring the political context of entrepreneurship: lessons from the state fragility literature. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1. sz. 17750. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2016.221

AYALA, J. C.–MANZANO, G. [2014]: The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 42. évf. 126–135. o. 10.1016/j.joep.2014.02.004

BANDURA, A. [1986]: Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

BARBOSA, S. D.–GERHARDT, M. W.–KICKUL, J. R. [2007]: The role of cognitive style and risk preference on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13. évf. 4. sz. 86–104. o. https://doi.org/10.1177/10717919070130041001

BARON, R. A.–MARKMAN, G. D. [2003]: Beyond social capital: The role of entrepreneurs’ social competence in their financial success. Journal of Business Venturing, 18. évf. 1. sz. 41–60. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00069-0

BEN-HAFAÏEDH, C.–XHENETI, M.–STENHOLM, P.–BLACKBURN, R.–WELTER, F.–URBANO, D. [2024]: The interplay of context and entrepreneurship: the new frontier for contextualisation research. Small Business Economics, 62. köt. 2. sz. 571–582. o. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-023-00770-6

BRÄNDLE, L. –GOLLA, S. –KUCKERTZ, A. [2019]: How entrepreneurial orientation translates social identities into performance. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25. évf. 7. sz. 1433–1451. o. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2018-0804

BULLOUGH, A.–RENKO, M.–MYATT, T. [2014]: Danger zone entrepreneurs: The importance of resilience and self-efficacy for entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38. évf. 3. sz. 473–499. o. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12006

CANNON, M. D.–EDMONDSON, A. C. [2005]: Failing to learn and learning to fail (intelligently): How great organizations put failure to work to innovate and improve. Long Range Planning, 38. évf. 3. sz. 299–319. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2005.04.005

CHEN, C. C.–GREENE, P. G.–CRICK, A. [1998]: Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13. évf. 4. sz. 295–316. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3

DE LA CRUZ, M. E.–VERDÚ JOVER, A. J.–GÓMEZ GRAS, J. M. [2018]: Influence of the entrepreneur’s social identity on business performance through effectuation. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 24. évf. 2. sz. 90–96. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2017.11.003

DESS, G. G.–ROBINSON JR., R. B. [1984]: Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: The case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal, 5. évf. 3. sz. 265–273. o. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050306

DUONG, C. D.–VU, N. X. [2024]: Entrepreneurial education and intention: fear of failure, self-efficacy, and gender. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 31. évf. 4. sz. 629–654. o. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-02-2023-0057

EDDLESTON, K. A.–KELLERMANNS, F. W.–SARATHY, R. [2008]: Resource configuration in family firms: Linking resources, strategic planning and technological opportunities to performance. Journal of Management Studies, 45. évf. 1. sz. 26–50. o. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00717.x

ENVICK, B. R. [2005]: Beyond human and social capital: The importance of positive psychological capital for entrepreneurial success. The Entrepreneurial Executive, 10. évf. 1. sz. 41–52. o.

FISHBEIN, M.–AJZEN, I. [2011]: Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach. Psychology Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020

FORNELL, C.–LARCKER, D. F. [1981]: Evaluating structural equation models with unobserv­able variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18. évf. 1. sz. 39–50. o. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312

FRESE, M.–GIELNIK, M. M. [2023]: The psychology of entrepreneurship: action and process. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10. évf. 1. sz. 137–164. o. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-055646

FULLER, B.–LIU, Y.–BAJABA, S.–MARLER, L. E.–PRATT, J. [2018]: Examining how the personality, self-efficacy, and anticipatory cognitions of potential entrepreneurs shape their entrepreneurial intentions. Personality and Individual Differences, 125. köt. 120–125. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.005

FUND FOR PEACE [2024]: Fragile States Index. https://fragilestatesindex.org/

GELDHOF, G. J.–PREACHER, K. J.–ZYPHUR, M. J. [2014]: Reliability estimation in a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis framework. Psychological Methods, 19. évf. 1. sz. 72–91. o. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032138

GUBIK, S. A.–VÖRÖS, ZS. [2023]: Why narcissists may be successful entrepreneurs: The role of entrepreneurial social identity and overwork. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 19. köt. e00364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00364

HAKEN, N.–WOODBURN, D.–SAMPLE, E.–WILSON, W.–MADDEN, J.–TURNER, P.–BAXLEY, M.–AGWANDA, B.–ELLINGTON, M.–KIRIŞ, A.–GARCIA, C.–NSENGIYUMVA, I.–BASSEY, E.–BERGH, A.–MOHAN, N. [2023]: Fragile States Index 2023 – Annual Report. The Fund for Peace. Washington, DC. https://fragilestatesindex.org/2023/06/14/fragile-states-index-2023-annual-report/

HARTMANN, S.–BACKMANN, J.–NEWMAN, A.–BRYKMANN, K. M.–PIDDUCK, R. J. [2022]: Psychological resilience of entrepreneurs: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Small Business Management, 60. évf. 5. sz. 1041–1079. o. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.2024216

HAYWARD, M. L. A.– FORSTER, W. R.–SARASVATHY, S. D.– FREDRICKSON, B. L. [2010]: Beyond hubris: How highly confident entrepreneurs rebound to venture again. Journal of Business Venturing, 25. évf. 6. sz. 569–578. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.03.002

HOANG, G.–LUU, T. T.–LE, T. T. T.–TRAN, A. K. T. [2022]: Dark Triad traits affecting entrepreneurial intentions: The roles of opportunity recognition and locus of control. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 17. köt. e00310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00310

KERR, S. P.–KERR, W. R.–XU, T. [2018]: Personality traits of entrepreneurs: A review of recent literature. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 14. évf. 3. sz. 279–356. o. https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000080

KOLK, A.–LENFANT, F. [2015]: Partnerships for peace and development in fragile states: Identifying missing links. Academy of Management Perspectives, 29. évf. 4. sz. 422–437. o. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2013.0122

KORBER, S.–MCNAUGHTON, R. B. [2018]: Resilience and entrepreneurship: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24. évf. 7. sz. 1129–1154. o. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2016-0356

KORSGAARD, S.–WIGREN-KRISTOFERSON, C.–BRUNDIN, E.–HELLERSTEDT, K.–ALSOS, G. A.–GRANDE, J. [2022]: Entrepreneurship and embeddedness: Process, context and theoretical foundations. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 34. évf. 3-4. sz. 210–221. o. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2022.2055152

KRAMPE, H.–DANBOLT, L. J.–HAVER, A. – STÅLSETT, G.–SCHNELL, T. [2021]: Locus of control moderates the association of COVID-19 stress and general mental distress: results of a Norwegian and a German-speaking cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry, 21. évf. 1–13. o. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03418-5

LIU, Q.–LIU, J.–CAI, J.–ZHANG, Z. [2020]: The relationship between domain- and task-specific self-efficacy and mathematical problem posing: a large-scale study of eighth-grade students in China. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 105. köt. 407–431. o. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10649-020-09977-w

MARKMAN, G. D.–BARON, R.–BALKIN, D. B. [2005]: Are perseverance and self-efficacy cost­less? Assessing entrepreneurs’ regretful thinking. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26. évf. 1. sz. 1–19. o. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.305

MIAO, C.–QIAN, S.–MA, D. [2017]: The relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firm performance: a meta-analysis of main and moderator effects. Journal of Small Business Management, 55. évf. 1. sz. 87–107. o. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12240

MINNITI, M.–BYGRAVE, W. [2001]: A dynamic model of entrepreneurial learning. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25. évf. 3. sz. 5–16. o. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870102500301

NEWMAN, A.–OBSCHONKA, M.–SCHWARZ, S.–COHEN, M.–NIELSEN, I. [2019]: Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: A systematic review of the literature on its theoretical foundations, measurement, antecedents, and outcomes, and an agenda for future research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110. köt. 403–419. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.012

PITUCH, K. A.–STEVENS, J. P. [2015]: Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. 6th ed. Routledge, New York.

RENKO, M.–BULLOUGH, A.–SAEED, S. [2021]: How do resilience and self-efficacy relate to entrepreneurial intentions in countries with varying degrees of fragility? A six-country study. International Small Business Journal, 39. évf. 2. sz. 130–156. o. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242620960456

ROUNDY, P. T.–LYONS, T. S. [2023]: Where are the entrepreneurs? A call to theorize the micro-foundations and strategic organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Strategic Organization, 21. évf. 2. sz. 447–459. o. https://doi.org/10.1177/14761270211056240

SANTORO, G.–BERTOLDI, B.–GIACHINO, C.–CANDELO, E. [2020]: Exploring the relationship between entrepreneurial resilience and success: The moderating role of stakeholders’ engagement. Journal of Business Research, 119. köt. 142–150. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.052

SANTORO, G.–MESSENI-PETRUZZELLI, A.–DEL GIUDICE, M. [2021]: Searching for resilience: the impact of employee-level and entrepreneur-level resilience on firm performance in small family firms. Small Business Economics, 57. évf. 1. sz. 455–471. o. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00319-x

SHEPHERD, D. A.–SAADE, F. P.–WINCENT, J. [2020]: How to circumvent adversity? Refugee-entrepreneurs’ resilience in the face of substantial and persistent adversity. Journal of Business Venturing, 35. évf. 4. sz. 105940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.06.001

SINCLAIR, V. G.–WALLSTON, K. A. [2004]: The development and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Assessment, 11. évf. 1. sz. 94–101. o. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191103258144

STRAUSER, D. R.–KETZ, K.–KEIM, J. [2002]: The relationship between self-efficacy, locus of control and work personality. Journal of Rehabilitation, 68. évf. 1. sz. 20–26. o.

TREVELYAN, R. [2011]: Self-efficacy and effort in new venture development. Journal of Management & Organization, 17. évf. 1. sz. 2–16. o. https://doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2011.17.1.2

VIJ, S.–BEDI, H. S. [2016]: Are subjective business performance measures justified? International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65. köt. 5. sz. 603–621. o. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-12-2014-0196

WALL, T. D.–MICHIE, J.–PATTERSON, M.–WOODS, S. J.–SHEEHAN, M.–CLEGG, C. W.–WEST, M. A. [2004]: On the validity of subjective measures of company performance. Personnel Psychology, 57. évf. 1. sz. 95–118. o. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.tb02485.x

WIKLUND, J.–SHEPHERD, D. A. [2005]: Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configurational approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 20. évf. 1. sz. 71–91. o. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.01.001

WILLIAMS, T. A.–GRUBER, D. A.–SUTCLIFFE, K. M.–SHEPHERD D. A.–ZHAO, E. Y. [2017]: Organizational response to adversity: Fusing crisis management and resilience research streams. Academy of Management Annals, 11. évf. 2. sz. 733–769. o. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0134

WU, W.–WANG, H.–WANG, X. [2022]: Entrepreneur narcissism and new venture performance: A learning perspective. Journal of Business Research, 149. köt. 901–915. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.001

ZHAO, H.–SEIBERT, S.–HILLS, G. [2005]: The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90. évf. 6. sz. 1265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265

Published
2025-10-17
How to Cite
VörösZ., & S. GubikA. (2025). The relationship between resilience, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial performance: The effect of state fragility on young entrepreneurs. Hungarian Economic Review, 72(9-10), 900-918. https://doi.org/10.18414/KSZ.2025.9-10.900
Section
Tanulmány