Health literacy of pregnant women in the light of perceived health status and health behavior

Abstract

Introduction: The study of the relationship between health literacy and health status has also been the focus of researchers in Hungary in the recent years. However, the health literacy of pregnant women is a less researched area. Positively influencing the health behaviour of pregnant women is of paramount importance for the health of themselves, the developing fetus and the child. Knowing the level of health literacy and the factors influencing it is an important starting point for planning health promotion and choosing effective methods.

Objectives: The aim of our research was to investigate the lifestyle and health literacy of pregnant women in Hungary in terms of perceived health status and health behaviour, to explore the factors influencing health literacy, the relationship between sociodemographic factors and health literacy. Methods: In a prospective, cross-sectional study, we measured the health literacy of pregnant women in Hungary using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) and the CHEW validated measures, and their perceived health status and health behaviour using questions from the European Health Interview Survey. A total of 2,000 questionnaires were distributed from May 2023 to december 2024, of which 1,655 evaluable questionnaires were returned. The willingness to answer was 75%. After weighting the data, bivariate and multivariate mathematical-statistical methods were used to examine deeper relationships, and worked with a 5% margin of error in the calculations.

Results: Based on the results of our study, the internal consistency of the two health literacy questionnaires was found to be reliable and a weak significant relationship was found between them. Based on the data, overall, 22.3% of pregnant women most likely have insufficient, 18.6% probably limited, and 59.0% most likely have adequate functional health literacy. Sociodemographic factors such as- age (p<0.001); education (p<0.001); residence (p<0.001) and financial status (p<0.001) - and health literacy showed a significant correlation. Deeper analyses revealed that the health literacy of pregnant women under 18 years of age and with low education was the most objectionable. The perceived state of health and the sense of responsibility for health are also related to the health perception of pregnant women.

Conclusion: The two health literacy questionnaires used in the study combine well and also complement each other. Sociodemographic factors, especially age and education, significantly influence the health literacy of pregnant women. A fundamental condition for the success and effectiveness of health promotion interventions is the involvement of the target population, one of the essential conditions is the development of health literacy individualy. Improving the health of pregnant women and expanding their knowledge is a priority task, as this is how we can optimize maternal and perinatal outcomes in both the short and long term.